2014: SWISS-MODEL: modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information. Biasini M., Bienert S., Waterhouse A., Arnold K., Studer G., Schmidt T., Kiefer F., Cassarino T.G., Bertoni M., Bordoli L.2015: Laboratory evaluation of three commercial coil products for protection efficacy against Anopheles gambiae from southern Ghana: a preliminary study. 2014: Insecticidal activity and expression of cytochrome P450 family 4 genes in Aedes albopictus after exposure to pyrethroid mosquito coils. Avicor S.W., Wajidi M.F.F., El-Garj F.M.A., Jaal Z.2013: D-allethrin based mosquito coils for mosquito control: knockdown and mortality effects on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. 2008: Over expression of a cytochrome P450 (CYP6P9) in a major African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus, resistant to pyrethroids. Amenya D.A., Naguran R., Lo T.-C.M., Ranson H., Spillings B.L., Wood O.R., Brooke B.D., Coetzee M.Received: ApRevised: JAccepted: JPublished online: OctoShow citation Keywords: Diptera, Culicidae, Aedes aegypti, cytochrome P450s, structure prediction, mRNA expression, insecticide Though the functions of these P450s are unknown, their response to induction by exposure to insecticides indicates the likely involvement of these genes in insecticide tolerance. Under-expression of the genes was predominant in larvae treated with the organophosphates malathion and temephos. In the DDT-treated larvae, only CYP4H31v2 was significantly over-expressed after a 6 h exposure. The genes were significantly over-expressed in larvae exposed to deltamethrin and permethrin for 6 h. CYP4H28v2 and CYP4H31v2 were differentially expressed in the developmental stages of the vector, with a significantly increased expression in adult males. The tertiary structure was generated using homology modeling and was of good quality based on structure validation using protein structure assessment tools. The secondary structure of the protein is mostly made up of alpha helices and random coils. The isolated P450, CYP4H31v2, is an allelic variant of CYP4H31 and contains several conserved motifs of P450s. Quantitative mRNA expression of this gene and a previously reported P450, CYP4H28v2, in the developmental stages of the mosquito after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of insecticides is also reported. In this study, the isolation and prediction of the structure of a P450 from a strain of Aedes aegypti originating from Malaysia is reported. They are recorded in many species of vectors and have various constitutive and insecticide induction profiles. AVICOR * Molecular Entomology Research Group, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia e-mails: / P450s (P450s) involved in insecticide resistance reduce the efficacy of insecticide-based vector control by rendering vector control ineffective. 113: 507-515, 2016 | DOI: 10.14411/eje.2016.067 Allelic variants of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: Constitutive and insecticide-mediated expression in a Malaysian strain of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Original article Fatma M.A.

Cytochromes p450 a success story